added docstrings to every file and function. (with claude, checked it)

tower and game_play dont meet pylint check yet.

.pylintrc

@@ -655,3 +655,6 @@ init-import=no
 # List of qualified module names which can have objects that can redefine
 # builtins.
 redefining-builtins-modules=six.moves,past.builtins,future.builtins,builtins,io
+
+[MASTER]
+extension-pkg-allow-list=pygame

game/enemy.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import pygame as pg
 from game.util import tile_to_pixel
 
 class Enemy(pg.sprite.Sprite):
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes
     """A single enemy that follows waypoints 
     across the tilemap.
     
@@ -13,31 +14,33 @@ class Enemy(pg.sprite.Sprite):
         game (Game): Whole Game instances, contains everything that the game class has.
         speed (float): Movement speed in pixels per update.
         health (float): Current health points.
-        angle (float): Current facing angle in degrees.
+        angle (float): Current facing angle in degrees. (initalized on 0 degress)
     """
     def __init__(self, game, speed, health):
         super().__init__()
         self.game = game
+        # coordinate on where the enemy should move to (in map json)
         self.waypoints = self.game.tilemap.waypoints
-
         self.speed = speed
-        self.angle = 0
         self.health = health
 
+        #starting waypoint index
+        self.target_index = 1
+        self.target = None #iititalise target var
+        self.angle = 0
+        self.healthbar = HealthBar(
+            18,
+            4,
+            self.health
+        )
+
+        #initalise objects need to be initalized last (depend on ealier dependencies)
         self.image = pg.transform.rotate(self.game.assets['enemy'].copy(), self.angle)
         self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
-
         self.pos = pg.Vector2(
             tile_to_pixel(self.waypoints[0], self.game.tilemap.tile_size, True)
         )
-
-        self.target_index = 1
         self.rect.center = self.pos
-        self.healthbar = HealthBar(
-            18,
-            5,
-            self.health
-        )
 
     def update(self):
         """Advance movement and update rotation each frame."""
@@ -133,6 +136,7 @@ class EnemyGroup(pg.sprite.Group):
             enemy.update()
 
 class HealthBar():
+    # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
     """A simple two-rect health bar drawn in world space.
 
     Attributes:

game/game.py

@@ -1,21 +1,28 @@
-"""
+"""Game module - core game loop, screen management, and shared asset loading."""
-game class
-
-"""
-import pygame
 import pygame_gui
+import pygame
 
-from game.util import *
+from game.util import load_image, load_images, load_images_alpha, Animation
 from game.tilemap import Tilemap
 from game.screens.main_menu import MainMenu
 from game.screens.game_play import GamePlay
 
+#constants
 FPS=60
 WINDOW_SIZE=(960,540)
-TILE=16
 
 class Game:
+    """Central game class managing the loop, screens, and shared resources.
 
+    Attributes:
+        window (pygame.Surface): The main display surface.
+        clock (pygame.time.Clock): Controls the frame rate.
+        ui_manager (pygame_gui.UIManager): Manages all pygame_gui UI elements.
+        tilemap (Tilemap): The active tilemap instance.
+        assets (dict): Shared images and animations, keyed by name.
+        screens (dict): All available screens, keyed by name.
+        current_screen: The screen currently being updated and drawn.
+    """
     def __init__(self):
 
         pygame.init()
@@ -45,40 +52,39 @@ class Game:
         self.current_screen = self.screens["menu"]
 
     def change_screen(self, name):
+        """Transition to a different screen by name.
+        Hides the current screen and shows the requested one.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): Key of the screen to switch to (e.g. ``"menu"``, ``"game"``).
+        """
 
         self.current_screen.hide()
-
         self.current_screen = self.screens[name]
-
         self.current_screen.show()
 
     def run(self):
+        """Start the main game loop and block until the window is closed.
+
+        Each iteration: processes events, updates state, and draws the frame.
+        """
 
         running = True
-
         while running:
-
             dt = self.clock.tick(FPS) / 1000.0
 
             for event in pygame.event.get():
-
                 if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                     running = False
 
                 self.ui_manager.process_events(event)
-
                 self.current_screen.process_event(event)
-            
+
             self.current_screen.update(dt)
-
             self.ui_manager.update(dt)
-
             self.window.fill((20, 20, 20))
-
             self.current_screen.draw(self.window)
-
             self.ui_manager.draw_ui(self.window)
 
             pygame.display.update()
-
+        pygame.quit()
-        pygame.quit()

game/screens/base_screen.py

@@ -1,23 +1,48 @@
+"""Base screen module - shared interface for all game screens."""
+
 class BaseScreen:
+    """Abstract base class defining the interface for all game screens.
+
+    Subclasses override :meth:`process_event`, :meth:`update`, and :meth:`draw`
+    to implement screen-specific behaviour. UI elements added to ``self.elements``
+    are shown and hidden automatically when the screen is switched.
+
+    Attributes:
+        game (Game): The central game instance.
+        elements (list): pygame_gui elements managed by this screen.
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, game):
         self.game = game
-
         self.elements = []
 
     def process_event(self, event):
-        pass
+        """Handle a single pygame event.
+
+        Args:
+            event (pygame.event.Event): The event to process.
+        """
 
     def update(self, dt):
-        pass
+        """Update screen state for the current frame.
+
+        Args:
+            dt (float): Time elapsed since the last frame in seconds.
+        """
 
     def draw(self, surface):
-        pass
+        """Draw the screen onto the given surface.
+
+        Args:
+            surface (pygame.Surface): Target surface to draw onto.
+        """
 
     def show(self):
+        """Make all UI elements on this screen visible."""
         for element in self.elements:
             element.show()
 
     def hide(self):
+        """Hide all UI elements on this screen."""
         for element in self.elements:
-            element.hide()
+            element.hide()

game/screens/game_play.py

@@ -1,19 +1,34 @@
+"""Gameplay screen - map rendering, camera control, tower placement, and enemy waves."""
+
+import pygame_gui as pgi
+import pygame as pg
 from game.screens.base_screen import BaseScreen
 from game.enemy import Enemy, EnemyGroup
 from game.camera import Camera
 from game.tower import Tower, TowerGroup
-from game.util import *
+from game.util import pixel_to_tile
-import pygame as pg
-import pygame_gui as pgi
 
 class GamePlay(BaseScreen):
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes
+    """The main gameplay screen handling the game loop, input, and rendering.
+
+    Attributes:
+        game_surface (pg.Surface): The subsurface used for the game viewport.
+        camera (Camera): Controls zoom and pan over the tilemap.
+        movment (list[bool]): Movement flags for [left, right, up, down] (WASD).
+        selected (Tower | None): The currently selected tower, or ``None``.
+        bought (bool): Whether the player is currently placing a tower.
+        tile_pos (tuple[int, int] | None): Tile under the mouse cursor, or ``None``.
+        enemy_group (EnemyGroup): All active enemies.
+        tower_group (TowerGroup): All placed towers.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, game):
         super().__init__(game)
 
         # self.tile_multiplicator = 2.0
         self.width, self.height = pg.display.get_surface().get_size()
         self.game_surface = pg.surface.Surface((int(self.width/4*3),int(self.height/6*5)))
-        # self.map_surface = pg.surface.Surface((self.game_surface.get_width()/self.tile_multiplicator,self.game_surface.get_height()/self.tile_multiplicator)) 
 
         self.camera = Camera()
         self.center = (self.game_surface.get_width() /2, self.game_surface.get_height() /2)
@@ -65,7 +80,19 @@ class GamePlay(BaseScreen):
             self.cancel_button
         ]
 
+        self.mpos = (0, 0)
+        self.tile_pos = None
+        self.tile_pos_decimal = (0, 0)
+
     def process_event(self, event):
+        """Handle mouse clicks, keyboard input, and UI button presses.
+
+        Translates mouse position to tile coordinates, manages tower
+        placement and selection, camera movement keys, and zoom controls.
+
+        Args:
+            event (pg.event.Event): The pygame event to process.
+        """
         #calculate tile position from mouse position
         self.mpos = pg.mouse.get_pos()
         game_rect = self.game_surface.get_rect(topleft=(0, self.height / 6))
@@ -88,7 +115,7 @@ class GamePlay(BaseScreen):
                 # self.tower = Tower(self.game, self.mpos, self.tile_pos, 'cannon')
             if event.ui_element == self.cancel_button:
                 self.bought = False
-        
+
         self.tile_pos = (int(self.tile_pos_decimal[0]), int(self.tile_pos_decimal[1]))
         if event.type == pg.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
             if self.tile_pos is not None:
@@ -101,7 +128,7 @@ class GamePlay(BaseScreen):
                     print(f'{self.selected}')
                     if self.bought:
                         if self.game.tilemap.placeable(self.tile_pos):
-                            if not any(tower.tile_pos == self.tile_pos for tower in self.tower_group):
+                            if not any(tw.tile_pos == self.tile_pos for tw in self.tower_group):
                                 tower = Tower(self.game, self.mpos, self.tile_pos, 'cannon', 40)
                                 self.tower_group.add(tower)
                                 self.bought = False
@@ -109,7 +136,7 @@ class GamePlay(BaseScreen):
                     for tower in self.tower_group:
                         if tower.tile_pos == self.tile_pos:
                             tower.kill()
-    
+
         if event.type == pg.KEYDOWN:
             if event.key == pg.K_a:
                 self.movment[0] = True
@@ -119,7 +146,7 @@ class GamePlay(BaseScreen):
                 self.movment[2] = True
             if event.key == pg.K_s:
                 self.movment[3] = True
-            
+
             if event.key == pg.K_q:
                 self.camera.zoom_offset(self.center, -0.25)
             if event.key == pg.K_e:
@@ -133,14 +160,26 @@ class GamePlay(BaseScreen):
                 self.movment[2] = False
             if event.key == pg.K_s:
                 self.movment[3] = False
-    
+
     def update(self, dt):
+        """Update enemies, towers, and camera position.
+
+        Args:
+            dt (float): Time elapsed since the last frame in seconds.
+        """
         self.enemy_group.update()
         self.tower_group.update(self.enemy_group)
 
-        self.camera.move((self.movment[1] - self.movment[0]) * 2, (self.movment[3] - self.movment[2]) * 2)
+        self.camera.move(
+            (self.movment[1] - self.movment[0]) * 2, (self.movment[3] - self.movment[2]) * 2
+        )
 
     def draw(self, surface):
+        """Render the tilemap, enemies, towers, and tower placement preview.
+
+        Args:
+            surface (pg.Surface): The main window surface to draw onto.
+        """
         self.game_surface.fill((40, 40, 40))
         # self.map_surface.fill((40, 40, 40))
 
@@ -151,22 +190,59 @@ class GamePlay(BaseScreen):
 
         if self.bought:
             if self.game.tilemap.placeable(self.tile_pos):
-                self.game_surface.blit(pg.transform.scale2x(self.game.assets["cannon"]), (self.mpos[0] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2), self.mpos[1] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2 + self.height/6)))
+                self.game_surface.blit(
+                    pg.transform.scale2x(self.game.assets["cannon"]),
+                    (
+                     self.mpos[0] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2),
+                     self.mpos[1] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2 + self.height/6)
+                    )
+                )
             else:
-                self.game_surface.blit(pg.transform.scale2x(self.game.assets["red_cannon"]), (self.mpos[0] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2), self.mpos[1] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2 + self.height/6)))   
+                self.game_surface.blit(
-
+                    pg.transform.scale2x(self.game.assets["red_cannon"]),
-        # self.game_surface.blit(pg.transform.scale(self.map_surface, self.game_surface.get_size()))
+                    (self.mpos[0] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2),
+                     self.mpos[1] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2 + self.height/6))
+                )
 
         surface.blit(self.game_surface, (0, self.height/6))
 
-        # if self.bought:
-        #     self.game_surface.blit(pg.transform.scale2x(self.game.assets["cannon"]), (self.mpos[0] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2), self.mpos[1] - (self.game.tilemap.tile_size //2)))
-        
     def select_turret(self, tile_pos):
+        """Return the tower at tile_pos, or ``None`` if the tile is empty.
+
+        Args:
+            tile_pos (tuple[int, int]): Grid position to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tower | None: The tower occupying that tile, or ``None``.
+        """
         for tower in self.tower_group:
             if (tile_pos[0], tile_pos[1]) == (tower.tile_pos[0], tower.tile_pos[1]):
                 return tower
+        return None
 
     def clear_selection(self):
+        """Deselect all towers."""
         for tower in self.tower_group:
-            tower.selected = False
+            tower.selected = False
+
+    #private helpers jsut within class (planned not sure yet)
+    def _remove_tower_at(self, tile_pos):
+        """Remove the tower at tile_pos on right click, if one exists.
+
+        Args:
+            tile_pos (tuple[int, int]): Grid position to remove from.
+        """
+
+    def _handle_keydown(self, key):
+        """Set movement flags and trigger zoom on key press.
+
+        Args:
+            key (int): pygame key constant.
+        """
+
+    def _handle_keyup(self, key):
+        """Clear movement flags on key release.
+
+        Args:
+            key (int): pygame key constant.
+        """

game/screens/main_menu.py

@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
+"""Main menu screen - title label and Play/Quit navigation."""
+
+import sys
+import pygame_gui as pgi
+import pygame as pg
 from game.screens.base_screen import BaseScreen
 
-import pygame as pg
-import pygame_gui as pgi
-
 class MainMenu(BaseScreen):
+    """The main menu screen with a title, Play button, and Quit button.
+
+    Attributes:
+        title (pgi.elements.UILabel): The menu title label.
+        play_button (pgi.elements.UIButton): Transitions to the gameplay screen.
+        quit_button (pgi.elements.UIButton): Exits the application.
+    """
     def __init__(self, game):
 
         super().__init__(game)
@@ -66,6 +75,11 @@ class MainMenu(BaseScreen):
         ]
 
     def process_event(self, event):
+        """Handle Play and Quit button presses.
+
+        Args:
+            event (pg.event.Event): The pygame event to process.
+        """
 
         if event.type == pgi.UI_BUTTON_PRESSED:
 
@@ -75,4 +89,4 @@ class MainMenu(BaseScreen):
 
             if event.ui_element == self.quit_button:
                 pg.quit()
-                exit()
+                sys.exit()

game/tilemap.py

@@ -1,11 +1,21 @@
-import pygame, json
+"""Tilemap module - tile storage, serialisation, placement rules, and rendering.
 
-"""
 Todo: 
 * Add prop system for Trees, etc. (like off_grid), handle blocked with game objects over props
 """
+import json
+import pygame
 
 class Tilemap:
+    """Stores and manages the tile grid, waypoints, and rendering.
+
+    Attributes:
+        tile_size (int): Width and height of a single tile in pixels.
+        tilemap (dict): Tile data keyed by ``"x;y"`` string positions.
+        planned: offgrid_tiles (list): Tiles placed outside the main grid (e.g. decorations).
+        waypoints (list): Ordered world positions enemies follow.
+        tower_placeable (list[dict]): Tile descriptors that allow tower placement.
+    """
     def __init__(self, game, tile=16):
         self.game = game
         self.tile_size = tile
@@ -16,20 +26,42 @@ class Tilemap:
         self.tower_placeable = [{"type": "desert", "variant": 0}]
 
     def save(self, path):
-        f = open(path, 'w')
+        """Serialise the tilemap, tile size, and waypoints to a JSON file.
-        json.dump({'tilemap': self.tilemap, 'tile_size': self.tile_size, 'waypoints': self.waypoints}, f)
+
-        f.close()
+        Args:
+            path (str): File path to write to.
+        """
+        with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            json.dump({
+                'tilemap': self.tilemap, 
+                'tile_size': self.tile_size, 
+                'waypoints': self.waypoints
+                }, f)
+            f.close()
 
     def load(self, path):
-        f = open(path, 'r')
+        """Load tilemap data from a JSON file, replacing current state.
-        map_data = json.load(f)
-        f.close()
 
-        self.tilemap = map_data['tilemap']
+        Args:
-        self.tile_size = map_data['tile_size']   
+            path (str): File path to read from.
-        self.waypoints = map_data['waypoints']
+        """
+        with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            map_data = json.load(f)
+            f.close()
+
+            self.tilemap = map_data['tilemap']
+            self.tile_size = map_data['tile_size']
+            self.waypoints = map_data['waypoints']
 
     def placeable(self, tile_pos):
+        """Check whether a tower can be placed on the tile at tile_pos.
+
+        Args:
+            tile_pos (tuple[int, int]): Grid position ``(x, y)`` to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: ``True`` if the tile exists and is in ``tower_placeable``.
+        """
         str_tile_pos = f'{tile_pos[0]};{tile_pos[1]}'
         if str_tile_pos not in self.tilemap:
             return False
@@ -41,14 +73,39 @@ class Tilemap:
         return False
 
     def render(self, surf, offset=(0, 0)):
-        for x in range(offset[0] // self.tile_size, (offset[0] + surf.get_width()) // self.tile_size + 1):
+        """Draw only the tiles visible within surf, using a pixel offset (editor).
-            for y in range(offset[1] // self.tile_size, (offset[1] + surf.get_height()) // self.tile_size + 1):
+
+        Args:
+            surf (pygame.Surface): Target surface to draw onto.
+            offset (tuple[int, int]): Pixel scroll offset ``(x, y)``.
+        """
+        start_x = offset[0] // self.tile_size
+        end_x = (offset[0] + surf.get_width()) // self.tile_size + 1
+
+        start_y = offset[1] // self.tile_size
+        end_y = (offset[1] + surf.get_height()) // self.tile_size + 1
+        for x in range(start_x, end_x):
+            for y in range(start_y, end_y):
                 loc = str(x) + ';' + str(y)
                 if loc in self.tilemap:
                     tile = self.tilemap[loc]
-                    surf.blit(self.game.assets[tile['type']][tile['variant']], (tile['pos'][0] * self.tile_size - offset[0], tile['pos'][1] * self.tile_size - offset[1]))
+                    surf.blit(
-    
+                        self.game.assets[tile['type']][tile['variant']],
+                        (
+                         tile['pos'][0] * self.tile_size - offset[0],
+                         tile['pos'][1] * self.tile_size - offset[1]
+                        )
+                    )
+
     def render_game(self, surf, camera):
+        """Draw only the tiles visible within surf, scaled to the camera zoom and pixel offset.
+
+        Args:
+            surf (pygame.Surface): Target surface to draw onto.
+            camera (Camera): Active camera for zoom level and coordinate conversion.
+
+        Todo: document this code below, not full understanding
+        """
         tile_size = self.tile_size
         zoom = camera.zoom
         scaled_tile_size = int(tile_size * zoom)
@@ -67,16 +124,12 @@ class Tilemap:
                     tile = self.tilemap[loc]
                     image = self.game.assets[tile["type"]][tile["variant"]]
 
-                    scaled_image = pygame.transform.scale(
+                    surf.blit(pygame.transform.scale(
-                        image,
+                            image,
-                        (scaled_tile_size, scaled_tile_size)
+                            (scaled_tile_size, scaled_tile_size)
-                    )
+                        ), camera.world_to_screen(
-
+                        (
-                    world_pos = (
+                         tile["pos"][0] * tile_size,
-                        tile["pos"][0] * tile_size,
+                         tile["pos"][1] * tile_size
-                        tile["pos"][1] * tile_size
+                        )
-                    )
+                    ))
-
-                    screen_pos = camera.world_to_screen(world_pos)
-
-                    surf.blit(scaled_image, screen_pos)

game/tower.py

@@ -1,8 +1,25 @@
-import pygame as pg
+"""Tower module - tower placement, targeting, shooting, and rendering."""
-from game.util import *
 import math
+import pygame as pg
+from game.util import tile_to_pixel
 
 class Tower(pg.sprite.Sprite):
+    # pylint: disable=too-many-instance-attributes
+    """A player-placed tower that targets and damages nearby enemies.
+
+    Attributes:
+        type (str): Asset key identifying the tower variant.
+        range (float): Attack radius in world-space pixels.
+        level (int): Current upgrade level.
+        selected (bool): Whether the tower is selected (draws range circle).
+        angle (float): Current facing angle in degrees.
+        target (Enemy | None): The enemy currently being targeted, or ``None``.
+        fire_rate (int): Frames between shots.
+        fire_cooldown (int): Frames remaining until the next shot.
+        damage (float): Damage dealt per shot.
+        pos (tuple): World-space pixel centre position.
+        tile_pos (tuple): Grid position the tower occupies.
+    """
     def __init__(self, game, pos, tile_pos, type, range, level=1):
         super().__init__()
         self.game = game
@@ -27,6 +44,11 @@ class Tower(pg.sprite.Sprite):
         self.set_action('shoot')
 
     def update(self, enemy_group):
+        """Advance animation, pick a target, rotate toward it, and shoot if ready.
+
+        Args:
+            enemy_group (EnemyGroup -> SpriteGroup): All active enemies to consider as targets.
+        """
         self.animation.update()
         self.pick_target(enemy_group)
         self.rotate()
@@ -39,11 +61,24 @@ class Tower(pg.sprite.Sprite):
             self.shoot()
 
     def set_action(self, action):
+        """Switch the active animation if it differs from the current one.
+
+        Args:
+            action (str): Animation key (e.g. ``"shoot"``).
+        """
         if action != self.action:
             self.action = action
             self.animation = self.game.assets[self.type + '/' + self.action].copy()
 
-    def render(self, surf, camera):    
+    def render(self, surf, camera):
+        """Draw the tower animation frame, rotated and scaled to the camera zoom.
+
+        Also draws a semi-transparent range circle when the tower is selected.
+
+        Args:
+            surf (pg.Surface): Target surface to draw onto.
+            camera (Camera): Active camera for zoom and coordinate conversion.
+        """
         screen_pos = camera.world_to_screen(pg.Vector2(
             tile_to_pixel(self.tile_pos, self.game.tilemap.tile_size, True)
         ))
@@ -61,15 +96,22 @@ class Tower(pg.sprite.Sprite):
         self.rect = scaled_image.get_rect(center=screen_pos)
 
         if self.selected:
+            #draw circle around tower if selected
             scaled_range = int(self.range * camera.zoom)
             range_surf = pg.Surface((scaled_range * 2, scaled_range * 2), pg.SRCALPHA)
-            pg.draw.circle(range_surf, (200, 200, 200, 100), (scaled_range, scaled_range), scaled_range)
+            pg.draw.circle(
+                range_surf,
+                (200, 200, 200, 100),
+                (scaled_range, scaled_range),
+                scaled_range
+            )
             range_rect = range_surf.get_rect(center=screen_pos)
             surf.blit(range_surf, range_rect)
 
         surf.blit(scaled_image, self.rect)
-    
+
     def rotate(self):
+        """Face the tower toward its current target, or hold the last angle if no target."""
         if self.target is None:
             # print("no target")
             return  # keep last angle, or reset to a default — your call
@@ -80,8 +122,15 @@ class Tower(pg.sprite.Sprite):
         direction = self.target.pos - tower_world_pos
         self.angle = math.degrees(math.atan2(-direction[1], direction[0])) -90
         # print(f"angle {self.angle}")
-        
+
     def pick_target(self, enemy_group):
+        """Select the closest enemy within range as the current target.
+
+        Sets ``self.target`` to ``None`` if no enemy is in range.
+
+        Args:
+            enemy_group (EnemyGroup): All active enemies to search through.
+        """
         closest = None
         closest_dist = float('inf')
 
@@ -96,17 +145,31 @@ class Tower(pg.sprite.Sprite):
                 closest_dist = distance
 
         self.target = closest  # explicitly None if nothing in range
-    
+
     def shoot(self):
+        """Deal damage to the current target, play the shoot animation, and reset cooldown."""
         self.target.take_damage(self.damage)
         self.animation.play_animation()
         self.fire_cooldown = self.fire_rate
 
 class TowerGroup(pg.sprite.Group):
+    """Sprite group that delegates rendering and updates to each tower."""
+
     def render(self, surf, camera):
+        """Render all towers in the group.
+
+        Args:
+            surf (pg.Surface): Target surface to draw onto.
+            camera (Camera): Active camera for zoom and coordinate conversion.
+        """
         for tower in self.sprites():
             tower.render(surf, camera)
-    
+
     def update(self, enemies):
+        """Update all towers in the group.
+
+        Args:
+            enemies (EnemyGroup): All active enemies, passed to each tower's update.
+        """
         for tower in self.sprites():
-            tower.update(enemies)
+            tower.update(enemies)

game/util.py

@@ -1,49 +1,112 @@
-import pygame as pg
+"""Utility module - image loading, coordinate conversion, and sprite animation."""
 import os
+import pygame as pg
 
-img_path='assets/images'
+IMG_PATH='assets/images'
 WINDOW_SIZE=(800,600)
 
 def load_image(path, colorkey=(0,0,0)):
-    img = pg.image.load(img_path + path).convert()
+    """Load an image and set a colorkey for transparency.
+
+    Args:
+        path (str): Path to the image relative to ``IMG_PATH``.
+        colorkey (tuple[int,int,int]): RGB colour treated as transparent. Defaults to black.
+
+    Returns:
+        pg.Surface: The loaded and converted image.
+    """
+    img = pg.image.load(IMG_PATH + path).convert()
     img.set_colorkey(colorkey)
     return img
 
 def load_images(dir_path):
+    """Load all images from a directory using colorkey transparency.
+
+    Args:
+        dir_path (str): Directory path relative to ``IMG_PATH``.
+
+    Returns:
+        list[pg.Surface]: All images found in the directory, in filesystem order.
+    """
     images = []
-    for img_name in os.listdir(img_path + dir_path):
+    for img_name in os.listdir(IMG_PATH + dir_path):
         images.append(load_image(dir_path + '/' + img_name))
     return images
 
 def load_image_alpha(path):
-    img = pg.image.load(img_path + path).convert_alpha()
+    """Load an image preserving its alpha channel.
+
+    Args:
+        path (str): Path to the image relative to ``IMG_PATH``.
+
+    Returns:
+        pg.Surface: The loaded image with per-pixel alpha.
+    """
+    img = pg.image.load(IMG_PATH + path).convert_alpha()
     return img
 
 def load_images_alpha(dir_path):
+    """Load all images from a directory, preserving alpha channels.
+
+    Args:
+        dir_path (str): Directory path relative to ``IMG_PATH``.
+
+    Returns:
+        list[pg.Surface]: All images found in the directory, in filesystem order.
+    """
     images = []
-    for img_name in os.listdir(img_path + dir_path):
+    for img_name in os.listdir(IMG_PATH + dir_path):
         images.append(load_image_alpha(dir_path + '/' + img_name))
     return images
 
 def tile_to_pixel(waypoint, tile_size, center=False):
+    """Convert a tile grid position to world-space pixel coordinates.
+
+    Args:
+        tile_pos (tuple[int, int]): Grid position ``(x, y)``.
+        tile_size (int): Width and height of a single tile in pixels.
+        center (bool): If ``True``, return the centre of the tile. Defaults to ``False``.
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple[int, int]: Pixel position ``(x, y)``.
+    """
     if center:
         return (
             waypoint[0] * tile_size + tile_size // 2,
             waypoint[1] * tile_size + tile_size // 2
             )
-    else:
+
-        return (
+    return (
-            waypoint[0] * tile_size,
+        waypoint[0] * tile_size,
-            waypoint[1] * tile_size
+        waypoint[1] * tile_size
-        )
+    )
 
 def pixel_to_tile(waypoint, tile_size):
+    """Convert a world-space pixel position to tile grid coordinates.
+
+    Args:
+        pixel_pos (tuple[float, float]): Pixel position ``(x, y)``.
+        tile_size (int): Width and height of a single tile in pixels.
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple[float, float]: Fractional tile position ``(x, y)``.
+    """
     return (
         waypoint[0] / tile_size,
         waypoint[1] / tile_size
         )
 
 class Animation:
+    """Frame-based sprite animation with optional looping and manual play control.
+
+    Attributes:
+        images (list[pg.Surface]): Ordered list of animation frames.
+        loop (bool): Whether the animation loops continuously.
+        img_duration (int): Number of update ticks each frame is shown for.
+        done (bool): ``True`` once a non-looping animation has finished.
+        frame (int): Current tick counter used to derive the active frame index.
+        playing (bool): Whether the animation is currently advancing.
+    """
     def __init__(self, images, img_dur=5, loop=True):
         self.images = images
         self.loop = loop
@@ -53,9 +116,15 @@ class Animation:
         self.playing = False  # not playing until told to
 
     def copy(self):
+        """Return a fresh copy of this animation, reset to its initial state.
+
+        Returns:
+            Animation: A new Animation sharing the same images and settings.
+        """
         return Animation(self.images, self.img_duration, self.loop)
-    
+
     def update(self):
+        """Advance the animation by one tick if it is currently playing."""
         if not self.playing:
             return
 
@@ -68,9 +137,15 @@ class Animation:
                 self.playing = False
 
     def play_animation(self):
+        """Start the animation from the first frame."""
         self.playing = True
         self.done = False
         self.frame = 0
-    
+
     def img(self):
-        return self.images[self.frame // self.img_duration]
+        """Return the image for the current tick.
+
+        Returns:
+            pg.Surface: The active animation frame.
+        """
+        return self.images[self.frame // self.img_duration]